Standardize matched bacteriophage therapy and quality-controlled manufacturing

Phage-therapy programmes should maintain characterized lytic phage libraries, rapidly match phages to patient isolates, manufacture stable products with controlled potency and purity, monitor bacterial resistance, and collect comparable clinical outcomes. Personalized and fixed-cocktail approaches may require different regulatory pathways.

Phages are narrow in host range and can be neutralized or become ineffective, so they are not a general replacement for antibiotics. Randomized evidence remains limited, and manufacturing stability, dosing, and trial design must be solved before routine scale-up.