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Across semi-arid regions, falling water tables and erratic rains leave villages dependent on distant sources or seasonal supplies, driving distress migration and crop failure — from Rajasthan to Brazil's Semiarido and rural Kenya.
Watershed and recharge structures often trigger more irrigation and private pumping rather than restored water tables. Maharashtra's audit of a Rs 9,634 crore watershed program found no significant groundwater improvement in sampled villages while water-hungry crops expanded.