Diversified Negative Emissions Portfolio Strategy

Instead of betting on a single carbon removal technology, build a portfolio combining CCS at point sources, direct air capture procurement contracts, carbon mineralization in construction, and potentially enhanced weathering or biochar. Set intermediate milestones requiring each technology to demonstrate progress, with fallback provisions to scale alternatives if one fails. Copenhagen's collapse after relying solely on CCS at one waste-to-energy facility is the definitive argument for diversification. The Swiss federal Climate and Innovation Act provides CHF 200 million per year (2025–2030) that cities can leverage for portfolio development.