CCS at Municipal Waste-to-Energy Plants

Retrofit waste-to-energy incineration plants with post-combustion carbon capture, transporting captured CO2 for geological storage or industrial use. Since waste incineration produces roughly 50% biogenic CO2 (from organic waste), capturing it achieves net-negative emissions (BECCS). KVA Linth in Switzerland will be the first such facility, designed for 100,000 tonnes CO2/year. Copenhagen's experience shows the technology is not yet proven at municipal scale — cities should pursue this as one element of a portfolio, not as a single solution.