Demonstrated only at centimetre lab scale over days — deployment-scale, multi-year durability is unproven

The evidence is a 9 cm² panel run for ~9 hours outdoors and a lab unit run for 7 days. Real deployment needs square-metre panels surviving years of seawater: aluminium corrosion, biofouling, laser-texture wear, mechanical robustness, and field salt-harvesting are all untested.