Develop new antibiotic classes with equitable-access conditions

Research programmes should prioritize genuinely innovative agents against pathogens for which existing treatments are inadequate, particularly resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Development should include suitable formulations, clinically meaningful trials, resistance monitoring and combinations where needed.

Public and philanthropic support should require access plans covering licensing, manufacturing, registration, pricing and supply in lower-income countries. New antibiotics remain exhaustible resources, so introduction must be paired with diagnostics, stewardship and surveillance.