Prevent animal disease through vaccination, biosecurity and improved husbandry

Producers and animal-health services should reduce infection pressure through vaccination where effective, clean water and feed, biosecurity, ventilation, lower-risk housing and stocking, quarantine, nutrition, breeding for robustness and timely veterinary care. Measures should be selected for the species, production system and local disease burden.

The intervention addresses the reason antibiotics are used rather than relying only on restrictions. Upfront costs, farmer training and transition support are important, particularly for small producers. Animal-health, welfare, antimicrobial-use and resistance outcomes should all be monitored.