Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, UK (venoms sourced from 13 sub-Saharan African countries)

Rather than develop a new product, researchers tested whether an existing polyvalent antivenom (PANAF-Premium, Premium Serums & Vaccines) already neutralizes the venoms of medically important sub-Saharan African snakes for which no specific antivenom is marketed. Using preclinical neutralization assays (murine model), they assessed its potency against venoms from 14 'orphan' species drawn from 13 countries. The study demonstrated broad paraspecific coverage, mapping latent capacity that could be deployed via label extension and procurement — pending clinical confirmation.